Hello, Layering PM here. ๐ Of course I am biased, but there is investment needed in any solution, leveraging automation or not. App Layering will remove much of the heavy lifting (by removing the repetitive changes needed to maintain like components across all the images), without requiring the up front and ongoing investment and maintenance in development of end-to-end automation. That said, I do understand the motivation to automate, since once you get to that point it will in theory be much lower TCO. What if you could have both though? We are actively working on a full API for App Layering... in this scenario you could move faster across all fronts. Removing repetition, and automating some/all of the overhead to doing it. On top of this, depending when you were last using App Layering, we have made many improvements to streamline the packaging and publishing process too, such as offloading compositing as @Jarian Gibson mentioned.