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Have you tried enabling shellbridge or disabling ADAL? https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/troubleshoot/administration/disabling-adal-wam-not-recommended https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX267071/password-field-not-displayed-when-publish[…]lication-such-as-excel-or-word-on-server-2019-or-windows-10

I fixed this by installing a Teams Classic update. Or rather, the update fixed it. I started Teams up after installing, got an error message and an offer to restart Teams. When it came back up I was able to complete the login, and now other Office apps are working as well...