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When investigating e.g. the `runtimeClasspath`  configuration in a Kotlin build script, is it still possible to tell which of the JARs are direct dependencies, and which are transitive dependencies?

Depends on where and how you "investigate".
What is your use-case?

I need to exclude some dependencies that are added by a plugin, but instead of excluding many transitive dependencies manually, I'd like to identify the smallest amount of parent dependencies to exclude.

You should probably report a bug to that plugin. :smile:

So you only want to do that for investigating what you need to exclude?
Then just check `dependencies` of the configuration

```configurations.testRuntimeClasspath.get().forEach { println("testRuntimeClasspath 1: $it") }
configurations.testImplementation.get().dependencies.forEach { println("testRuntimeClasspath 2: $it") }```
=&gt;
```testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.spockframework\spock-core\2.3-groovy-4.0\8861b2590bb8e4709b052fb4ed6da3de98e734d9\spock-core-2.3-groovy-4.0.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.apache.groovy\groovy\4.0.26\1031daf8a73986def8b43c9bbf5d67671eb26553\groovy-4.0.26.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.junit.platform\junit-platform-engine\1.9.0\bd46891f01817b5ffdd368cb0482a34746610acb\junit-platform-engine-1.9.0.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.junit.platform\junit-platform-commons\1.9.0\b727889107fc28c7460b21d1083212f8ce7602c6\junit-platform-commons-1.9.0.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.junit.platform\junit-platform-launcher\1.9.0\367a24bb63baca99a181ea921da8e21af0656e7c\junit-platform-launcher-1.9.0.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.hamcrest\hamcrest\2.2\1820c0968dba3a11a1b30669bb1f01978a91dedc\hamcrest-2.2.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 1: D:\Dateien\.gradle\caches\modules-2\files-2.1\org.opentest4j\opentest4j\1.2.0\28c11eb91f9b6d8e200631d46e20a7f407f2a046\opentest4j-1.2.0.jar
testRuntimeClasspath 2: org.apache.groovy:groovy:4+
testRuntimeClasspath 2: org.spockframework:spock-core:2.3-groovy-4.0```